![]() In general, however, primates rarely produce such dishonest signals, or ‘cry wolf'. ![]() As a result, other group members run to safety, which then gives the caller a foraging advantage (Wheeler 2009). Monkeys sometimes produce terrestrial predator alarms when competing over food, even though no predator is around. ![]() However, other animals with complex social behaviour, such as dolphins, also show sophisticated communication skills, suggesting that complex communication is not limited to primates (Janik 2009). Most primates live in groups in which members know each other individually and maintain multifaceted social relations factors which are thought to favour the evolution of advanced communication skills (McComb & Semple 2005). Is Primate Communication More Complex Compared to Other Groups of Animals? Communication signals have thus evolved partly to be psychologically effective on receivers (Guilford & Dawkins 1991). For example, chimpanzees sometimes react with pilo-erection (bristling of hair) during conflicts, which makes them appear bigger and more dangerous and conveys their willingness to escalate (van Hooff 1973). To this end, they use a range of different signals, many of which have directly evolved as ritualised abbreviations of more basic behavioural or physiological processes. Like other animals, primates communicate to satisfy their biological and social needs, such as avoiding predators, interacting with other group members, or maintaining cohesion during travel. ![]()
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